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Related Concept Videos

Cholera01:25

Cholera

147
Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
147
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

88
Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

74
Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
74
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

93
Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

851
Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates
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Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

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[Epidemic cholera in complex emergencies].

Pedro Campuzano Cuadrado, Pedro Arcos González

    Revista Espanola De Salud Publica
    |June 11, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Complex emergencies significantly increase cholera risks due to poor sanitation and weak health systems. Addressing these factors is crucial for controlling cholera outbreaks in crisis settings.

    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Epidemiology
    • International Health

    Background:

    • Complex emergencies present severe public health challenges, including high rates of communicable diseases.
    • Cholera, a waterborne disease, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these volatile situations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze cholera epidemics within complex emergencies.
    • To identify specific risk factors contributing to cholera outbreaks in these contexts.

    Main Methods:

    • A descriptive study analyzing cholera epidemics in affected countries from 2000 to 2011.
    • Review of published and unpublished reports from field organizations and aid agencies.
    • Utilized incidence, mortality, and case-fatality indicators.

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    Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages
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    Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages
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    Main Results:

    • Mean annual cholera incidence in complex emergencies was 1.2 per 1,000 population.
    • Average cholera epidemic fatality rate was 4.08%.

    Conclusions:

    • Deficiencies in water and sanitation, overcrowding, and weak health systems amplify cholera impacts.
    • Lack of population immunity and pathogen introduction are key risk factors.
    • These factors exacerbate cholera's public health burden in complex emergencies.