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Related Concept Videos

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: An update].

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Isolated Staphylococcus aureus spinal epidural abscesses: severe initial neurological deficits do not predict worse outcomes compared with spondylodiscitis-associated cases.

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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

In Vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection
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[Neurosurgical material-associated infections].

Virginie Zarrouk

    La Revue Du Praticien
    |June 14, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts can become infected, often by Staphylococcus bacteria, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Management typically involves antibiotics and shunt removal to prevent complications.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Biomaterials Science

    Context:

    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts are critical for managing hydrocephalus.
    • Intraoperative contamination is a primary risk factor for shunt infection.
    • Saprophytic bacteria, notably Staphylococcus species, are common causative agents.

    Purpose:

    • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and clinical suspicion for CSF shunt infections.
    • To outline current treatment strategies for CSF shunt and cochlear implant infections.
    • To emphasize the importance of prompt management in preventing severe outcomes.

    Summary:

    • CSF shunt infections, often caused by Staphylococcus, present diverse symptoms from febrile meningeal syndrome to subtle valve dysfunction.
    • Diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion in any patient with a CSF shunt experiencing fever or neurological changes.

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  • Treatment usually involves high-dose parenteral antibiotics and shunt removal; cochlear implant infections are rarer but treated surgically with antibiotics.

    • Impact:

    • Early and accurate diagnosis of CSF shunt infections is crucial for effective treatment and patient outcomes.
    • Understanding infection sources and causative agents aids in developing preventative strategies.
    • This information supports clinical decision-making for managing device-related infections in neurosurgical and otologic patients.