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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Olfactory bulb encoding during learning under anesthesia.

Alister U Nicol1, Gabriela Sanchez-Andrade2, Paloma Collado3

  • 1Sub-department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|June 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory learning and neural plasticity can be studied under anesthesia. This research shows anesthesia allows investigation of how the olfactory bulb changes during odor learning, revealing key neurotransmitter and neural network alterations.

Keywords:
anesthesiamicrodialysismitral cellsmultiarray electrophysiologyneurotransmittersolfactory bulbolfactory learningsocial transmission of food preference

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Anesthesia Studies

Background:

  • Neural plasticity in the olfactory bulb is crucial for olfactory learning.
  • Understanding how neural encoding changes support odor associations and anesthesia's role is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory learning and neural plasticity under isoflurane anesthesia.
  • To examine changes in neurotransmitter release and mitral cell activity during olfactory learning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the social transmission of food preference paradigm in mice.
  • Employed in vivo microdialysis and multiarray electrophysiological recordings under anesthesia.
  • Measured glutamate and GABA release and mitral cell firing patterns.

Main Results:

  • Learned odor preference and associated glutamate/GABA release occurred under anesthesia.
  • Mitral cells showed increased firing to cued odors and decreased to uncued odors post-learning.
  • Over 50% of neurons altered response profiles; changes were localized to the posterior olfactory bulb.

Conclusions:

  • Isoflurane anesthesia permits the study of olfactory learning-associated neural plasticity.
  • Anesthesia reveals significant, spatially distinct changes in olfactory bulb networks and neurotransmitter release during odor learning.