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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry01:23

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Iodometry and iodimetry are analytical methods used to determine the concentration of oxidizing or reducing agents using iodine. In iodometric titrations, the oxidizing analyte solution is usually acidified and treated with an excess of iodide ions, which generates an equivalent amount of iodine in equilibrium with triiodide. The released iodine is subsequently titrated directly against a standardized reducing agent. As the dilute iodine color becomes pale yellow, a few drops of freshly...
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Iodine and thyroid function.

Hye Rim Chung1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.

Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
|June 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Iodine intake significantly impacts thyroid health. Both deficiency and excess can lead to thyroid disorders, with long-term effects even after iodine levels normalize, highlighting the need for optimal intake research.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Iodine deficiency causes hypothyroidism, impairing growth.
  • Iodine excess is linked to hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Iodine intake variations affect thyroid function and can cause thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroidism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the unique iodine status in the Korean Peninsula.
  • To analyze the effects of iodine deficiency and excess on thyroid disorders.
  • To determine optimal iodine intake ranges for thyroid health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on iodine intake and thyroid function.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data from the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Keywords:
HypothyroidismIodineThyroid

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  • Longitudinal assessment of thyroid function in subjects with varied childhood iodine exposure.

    • Main Results:

    • Severe iodine deficiency leads to hypothyroidism and developmental issues.
    • Mild to moderate deficiency can cause autonomous thyroid growth and thyrotoxicosis.
    • Both iodine deficiency and excess during childhood can result in long-term abnormal thyroid function.

    Conclusions:

    • The Korean Peninsula presents a unique dichotomy of excessive and deficient iodine levels.
    • Long-term thyroid function may be compromised by past iodine imbalances.
    • Further research is crucial to establish optimal iodine intake levels and understand their impact on thyroid disorders in this region.