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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Nonthyroidal illness syndrome in adult horses.

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Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
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Thyroid function and dysfunction in term and premature equine neonates.

B A Breuhaus1

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
|June 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone levels in foals differ from adult horses. Premature foals show more significant low thyroxine (T4) than expected, indicating unique thyroid function in neonatal equine health.

Keywords:
FoalHypothyroidism of prematurityNonthyroidal illness syndromeThyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Equine endocrinology
  • Neonatal physiology

Background:

  • Thyroid function in foals is not well-characterized compared to adult horses.
  • Premature foals may exhibit altered thyroid hormone levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare thyroid function between premature and term foals.
  • Investigate thyroid hormone (TH) and thyrotropin (TSH) responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in different foal groups.

Main Methods:

  • Measured TH and TSH at rest and after TRH stimulation in normal term, sick term, and sick premature foals.
  • Recorded clinical and clinicopathologic data for all groups.

Main Results:

  • Premature foals exhibited lower thyroxine (T4) than term foals, even when accounting for illness severity.
  • Triiodothyronine (T3) was lower in hospitalized foals (both premature and term) compared to normal foals.
  • TSH response to TRH was significantly higher in premature foals.

Conclusions:

  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in foals differs from adult horses.
  • Sick foals display nonthyroidal illness syndrome.
  • Premature foals have more pronounced hypothyroxinemia than explained by illness alone.