Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Utilizing a 3D Printed Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication Model to Shorten a Resident's Learning Curve
Published on: August 15, 2025
Dimitrios Stefanidis1, Harsh Grewal, John T Paige
1Department of Surgery and Carolinas Simulation Center, Carolinas HealthCare System, University of North Carolina Charlotte, 1025 Morehead Medical Drive, Suite 300, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA, dimitrios.stefanidis@carolinashealthcare.org.
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Performance norms for surgical skills were established for general surgery residents (PGY I-V) across multiple institutions. These norms help identify residents needing additional training and advance residency milestones.
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