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Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Published on: February 23, 2016

A giant cause of stroke.

K K Y Kong¹, A D Mackinnon², L R Bridges³

¹Acute and Stroke Medicine Specialty Registrar, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St Georges Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London.

|June 19, 2014

Summary

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) can cause stroke by affecting arteries supplying the brain. Early diagnosis and steroid treatment, like prednisolone, led to a patient's recovery from confusion and neurological deficits.

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Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

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Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Rheumatology
Vascular Medicine

Background:

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis primarily affecting large and medium-sized arteries.
Posterior circulation infarcts can present with non-specific neurological symptoms, complicating diagnosis.

Observation:

An 80-year-old male presented with subacute onset of drowsiness and confusion.
Cerebral MRI revealed multiple infarcts in the posterior circulation.
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and multifocal stenosis in vertebral arteries raised suspicion for extracranial vasculitis.

Findings:

Temporal artery biopsy confirmed chronic granulomatous inflammation, characteristic of giant cell arteritis (GCA).
The patient experienced significant neurological recovery after initiating prednisolone treatment.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering GCA in elderly patients with posterior circulation strokes and elevated inflammatory markers.
Prompt diagnosis and immunosuppressive therapy are crucial for favorable outcomes in GCA-induced cerebrovascular events.