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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

80
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
80
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

21
Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

93
Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
93
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

337
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
337
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

26
Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
26
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

271
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
271

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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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Hepatitis B genotypes in iran.

Mohammad Reza Haghshenas1, Mohsen Arabi1, Tahoora Mousavi1

  • 1Molecular Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari, Iran.

Materia Socio-Medica
|June 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health issue. In Iran, HBV prevalence is now low (<2%) due to vaccination, with genotype D being predominant.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health concern, leading to severe liver diseases like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • An estimated 350 million people worldwide live with chronic HBV infection, resulting in approximately one million deaths annually.
  • Ten HBV genotypes (A-J) have been identified, each with distinct geographical distributions and implications for disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HBV genotypes in Iran.
  • To understand the prevalence and distribution of HBV genotypes following the implementation of a vaccination program.
  • To assess the significance of HBV genotyping for disease burden, prognosis, and antiviral treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
HBVcirrhosishepatocellular carcinoma

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  • Review of existing studies on HBV prevalence and genotyping in Iran.
  • Analysis of reported HBV genotype frequencies in different Iranian provinces.
  • Classification of Iran's HBV endemicity based on vaccination program outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Following HBV vaccination, Iran's infection prevalence has decreased to less than 2%, classifying it as a low endemicity region.
  • Studies in Iran predominantly identify genotype D as the main HBV type (95-100%).
  • Some studies also report the presence of genotype B (5%) alongside genotype D in specific regions.

Conclusions:

  • Iran has transitioned to a low endemicity status for HBV infection due to successful vaccination efforts.
  • Genotype D is the predominant HBV genotype circulating in Iran.
  • Understanding HBV genotype distribution is crucial for optimizing disease management, predicting outcomes, and tailoring antiviral therapies.