Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Unusual Results

Unusual Results

Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ from the mean, μ is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value =...

Schemas

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

Expected Value

Expected Value

The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:In the equation, x is an event, and P(x) is the probability of the event occurring.The expected value has practical applications in decision theory.This text is adapted from Openstax, Introductory Statistics, Section 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and...

Uncertainty: Overview

Uncertainty: Overview

In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.

Spontaneity

Spontaneity

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

U-Net-based deep learning architecture for automated CBCT segmentation of the mandibular canal in dental implant treatment planning: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The Journal of prosthetic dentistry·2025

Same author

Digital workflow for a 3D-Printed speech bulb denture in an edentulous Post-Oncologic patient with velopharyngeal insufficiency: A case report.

European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery·2025

Same author

Clinical outcomes of traditional versus digital prosthetic workflows following immediate loading of implants in esthetic zone: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The Journal of prosthetic dentistry·2025

Same author

Oral rehabilitation of resorbed mandibular ridges utilizing various techniques for implant-supported prosthesis through conventional and digital approach: A case series.

National journal of maxillofacial surgery·2025

Same author

Esthetic rehabilitation of a nasal ablation resultant from a high-voltage electrical burn using digital workflow and a custom retention mechanism: A clinical report.

The Journal of prosthetic dentistry·2025

Same author

Early management of cleft lip and palate using presurgical nasoalveolar molding and 3D-printed feeding plate and nasal stent: A narrative review and case report.

Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists·2025

Same journal

Triple-layer Pouch-sandwich Technique for Maxillary Ridge Augmentation: A Novel Multiplanar Bone Regeneration Approach.

Contemporary clinical dentistry·2026

Same journal

Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor: A Rare Extrafollicular Presentation in the Anterior Mandible.

Contemporary clinical dentistry·2026

Same journal

An Innovative Roll-on Bracket Design to Reduce Friction in Sliding Mechanics: A Finite Element Analysis.

Contemporary clinical dentistry·2026

Same journal

Exploratory Study of Virulence Factors and Protein-Protein Interaction Networks in Major Oral Pathogens.

Contemporary clinical dentistry·2026

Same journal

Posttranscriptional Repression of FBXW7 and FBXO8 by microRNA-223 Regulates Ubiquitin-dependent Proteostasis in Periodontal Disease.

Contemporary clinical dentistry·2026

Same journal

Preendodontic Dentin Hybridization - Effect on Coronal Dentin Microhardness and Resin-Dentin Bond Strength: An <i>In vitro</i> Study.

Contemporary clinical dentistry·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

Expect the unexpected

¹Department of Prosthodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India

Contemporary Clinical Dentistry

|June 26, 2014

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015