Intravital multiphoton imaging of cutaneous immune responses

Varieties of immune cells orchestrate cutaneous immune responses. To capture such dynamic phenomena, intravital imaging is an important technique and it may provide substantial information that is not available using the conventional histological analysis. Multiphoton microscopy enables the direct, three-dimensional, and minimally invasive imaging of biological samples with high spatio-temporal resolution, and it has now become the leading method for in vivo imaging studies. Using fluorescent dyes and transgenic reporter animals, not only skin structures but also cell- and humor-mediated cutaneous immune responses have been visualized.