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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
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Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
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Marked changes in olfactory perception during early pregnancy: a prospective case-control study.

Gokce Simsek1, Nuray Bayar Muluk, Osman Kursat Arikan

  • 1ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, 71450, Kirikkale, Turkey, entsurgeon@rocketmail.com.

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Summary

First-trimester pregnant women show significantly reduced odor identification. This olfactory change may contribute to early pregnancy symptoms like morning sickness.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfactory perception can undergo significant alterations during pregnancy.
  • Understanding these changes is crucial for explaining pregnancy-specific conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory identification abilities in pregnant women across different trimesters.
  • To compare these abilities with non-pregnant controls.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved 31 pregnant women in the first trimester, 30 in the second, 31 in the third, and 30 non-pregnant controls.
  • Odor identification was assessed using the 12-item Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT).
  • Demographic data and BSIT scores were statistically compared between groups.

Main Results:

  • First-trimester pregnant women (Group 1) exhibited significantly lower BSIT scores compared to other groups (p < 0.001).
  • This impairment was notable for specific odors like leather, pine, and soot.
  • Pregnant women in the second and third trimesters showed odor identification abilities comparable to controls (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Early pregnancy is associated with a significant decline in olfactory identification performance.
  • Altered odor identification in the first trimester may play a role in the development of morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum.