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The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
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Recent study, but not retrieval, of knowledge protects against learning errors.

Hillary G Mullet1, Sharda Umanath, Elizabeth J Marsh

  • 1Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90086, Durham, NC, 27708-0086, USA, hgm8@duke.edu.

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Making correct knowledge easily accessible prevents people from remembering misinformation. However, retrieving knowledge from memory may paradoxically increase susceptibility to misinformation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Studies
  • Misinformation Research

Background:

  • Individuals sometimes incorporate inaccuracies into their knowledge bases, even when correct information is available in memory.
  • The accessibility of correct knowledge may influence susceptibility to misinformation.
  • Previous research indicates that people can retain and later reproduce incorrect information encountered in narratives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether enhancing the accessibility of correct knowledge can protect individuals from reproducing misinformation encountered in fictional stories.
  • To compare the effects of reading correct knowledge versus retrieving correct knowledge on misinformation susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Participants studied general knowledge questions and answers, with varying delays (minutes vs. weeks) before exposure to misleading information.
  • Experiment 1 involved studying correct answers before reading a misleading story.
  • Experiments 2a and 2b involved retrieving correct answers from memory before reading a misleading story.

Main Results:

  • Reading correct knowledge immediately before encountering misinformation protected against its later reproduction.
  • Retrieving correct knowledge from memory did not offer the same protection against misinformation.
  • The accessibility of correct knowledge, not just its presence in memory, was crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Heightening the immediate accessibility of correct knowledge can serve as a protective mechanism against misinformation.
  • Retrieving previously stored knowledge may inadvertently facilitate the encoding of new misinformation.
  • Memory retrieval processes might interact with misinformation encoding differently than direct knowledge presentation.