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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
44
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

18
A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation
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Human immunodeficiency virus-associated stroke: an aetiopathogenesis study.

G Arvind, Synrem Evangelyne, A Limanukshi

    The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
    |July 1, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Stroke is frequently the initial sign of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, particularly in younger individuals. Early HIV screening is crucial for stroke patients to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Stroke is a significant concern in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
    • Understanding the specific characteristics and causes of stroke in HIV-positive individuals is essential for effective management.
    • The etiopathogenesis of stroke in the context of HIV infection requires further elucidation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the nature of stroke in patients with HIV.
    • To investigate the underlying etiopathogenesis of HIV-associated stroke.
    • To determine the frequency of stroke as an initial presentation of HIV infection.

    Main Methods:

    • A retrospective study was conducted on 19 patients diagnosed with HIV-associated stroke.
    • Data collected included HIV transmission, stroke risk factors, antiretroviral therapy (ART) status, and clinical history.
    • Comprehensive hematological, serological, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and neuroradiological investigations were performed.

    Main Results:

    • Stroke was the first presentation of HIV in 78.94% of patients; 16.67% experienced recurrent cerebrovascular accidents.
    • Cerebral infarction was observed in 89.47% of cases, with 5.26% experiencing hemorrhage.
    • Opportunistic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) were present in 47.36% of patients; indeterminate etiologies (coagulopathy, vasculopathy) were found in 36.84%.

    Conclusions:

    • Stroke is increasingly recognized as an initial manifestation of HIV infection.
    • Screening for HIV in young stroke patients is recommended.
    • Further investigation into the specific mechanisms of stroke in HIV-infected individuals is warranted.