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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
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Gigahertz self-referenceable frequency comb from a semiconductor disk laser.

Christian A Zaugg, Alexander Klenner, Mario Mangold

    Optics Express
    |July 1, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study demonstrates a self-referenced frequency comb from a semiconductor laser. This breakthrough enables compact, stabilized frequency combs for advanced optical applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Quantum Optics
    • Semiconductor Lasers

    Background:

    • Frequency combs are crucial for precise measurements.
    • Semiconductor lasers offer potential for compact and robust frequency comb systems.
    • Previous efforts have faced challenges in achieving self-referenced operation from semiconductor lasers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a self-referenced frequency comb generated from a semiconductor laser.
    • To achieve octave-spanning supercontinuum generation and carrier-envelope offset frequency detection.
    • To pave the way for compact and stabilized frequency combs based on semiconductor disk lasers.

    Main Methods:

    • Passive mode-locking of a vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) using a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM).

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  • Pulse amplification using an Yb-doped large mode area (LMA) fiber amplifier.
  • Supercontinuum generation in a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF).
  • Carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency detection via an f-to-2f interferometer.

    • Main Results:

    • Generation of 231-fs pulses with 100 mW average power from the VECSEL.
    • Amplification to 5.5 W and compression to 85 fs with 2.2 W average power.
    • Coherent octave-spanning supercontinuum generation.
    • Detection of the carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency (f(CEO)) beat note with a 17 dB signal-to-noise ratio.

    Conclusions:

    • This work presents the first successful detection of the f(CEO) from a semiconductor laser.
    • The developed VECSEL-based frequency comb is self-referenceable.
    • This achievement opens possibilities for developing compact, stabilized frequency combs using mode-locked semiconductor disk lasers.