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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

A Precision Medicine Tool for Measurement and Monitoring of Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Receiving Transfusion Therapy

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Sickle cell trait and diving: review and recommendations.

John A Vigilante, Nicholas W DiGeorge

Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc

|July 3, 2014

Summary

Diving with sickle cell trait poses minimal risk for recreational and commercial divers. However, military personnel with sickle cell trait are advised against diving due to potential duty-related complications.

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Area of Science:

Diving Medicine
Hematology
Physiology

Background:

Sickle cell trait was previously considered benign but is now linked to complications like splenic infarction and sudden death.
Diving clearance for individuals with sickle cell trait is debated, with varied recommendations for civilian and military candidates.

Purpose of the Study:

To review published findings and opinions on sickle cell trait and fitness to dive.
To assess disparities in diving recommendations for sickle cell trait carriers.

Main Methods:

Literature search using PubMed/Medline with keywords: sickle cell trait, hemoglobinopathy, exercise-related sudden death, decompression sickness, diving, military.
Inclusion of studies reporting cases of sickle cell trait.
Ascertainment of current diving guidelines from public institutions, diving texts, and the U.S. Military.

Main Results:

Complications associated with sickle cell trait are infrequent, with no reported dive-related injuries.
Physiological analysis and absence of reported cases suggest minimal increased risk for sport and technical civilian diving.
Divergent opinions exist regarding military fitness to dive with sickle cell trait.

Conclusions:

Diving is not recommended for military personnel with sickle cell trait due to unavoidable duty-related risks.
Recreational and commercial diving with standard precautions is considered reasonable for individuals with sickle cell trait.