Metacognitive knowledge and online awareness in persons with multiple sclerosis
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
Published on: September 27, 2020
Yael Goverover1, Helen Genova2, Hali Griswold3
1New York University, New York, NY, USA Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA.
Background:
Recent models of self-awareness draw a distinction between intellectual awareness (metacognitive knowledge of disabilities) and online awareness of errors (emergent and anticipatory awareness).
Objective:
The present study compared these two types of self-awareness (metacognitive knowledge of disabilities and online awareness) in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy participants. The relationship between self-awareness and functional performance was also examined.
Methods:
Participants included 18 individuals with MS and 16 healthy controls (HC) between the ages of 27 and 60. Intellectual awareness was assessed via discrepancy scores on the Functional Behavior Profile (FBP) between participants and their informants. Online Awareness was examined using self-prediction and self-assessment of performance on a functional task.
Results:
Participants with MS had significantly lower levels of intellectual awareness relative to HCs. The MS group demonstrated worse prediction online awareness than HCs. However, assessment online awareness did not differ between groups, indicating that experience with a task can improve online awareness in persons with MS.
Conclusion:
This study highlights the necessity of adopting a multidimensional approach to assessing the multifaceted phenomenon of self-awareness in MS. In addition, it provides initial evidence to support a self-awareness treatment model for persons with MS.
Related Concept Videos
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction
Self-Awareness and Its Effects
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness
Subconsciousness and No Awareness
An illustrative example of subconscious processing is its role in problem-solving. Often, individuals...
Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching I: Assessment and Diagnosis
It is critical to determine the patient's learning needs during the assessment. Determination of learning needs compounds data...
Self-Schemas

