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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.8K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
2.8K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

8.9K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
8.9K
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

12.0K
Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
12.0K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.2K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.2K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.5K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.5K

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Multiferroics of spin origin.

Yoshinori Tokura1, Shinichiro Seki, Naoto Nagaosa

  • 1RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan. Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)
|July 5, 2014
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Summary

Multiferroics enable precise control of magnetic and electric properties, crucial for low-dissipation electronics. Research explores their mechanisms, dynamics, and emergent electromagnetic phenomena for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Multiferroics exhibit coupled magnetic and ferroelectric orders, offering potential for energy-efficient cross-control of magnetism and electricity.
  • The colossal magnetoelectric (ME) effect in multiferroics is a long-standing area of interest in condensed matter physics and a key function for emerging spintronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review fundamental mechanisms of multiferroicity and spin-driven ferroelectricity in magnetic materials.
  • To overview diverse multiferroic materials, their ME characteristics, and recent advances.
  • To explore the dynamical ME effect and the role of domain wall dynamics and electromagnons.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical and experimental clarification of multiferroicity mechanisms.
  • Exploration, discovery, and development of new multiferroic families.
  • Analysis of dielectric spectroscopy for dynamical ME effects.
  • Investigation of electromagnons for resonant coupling with electromagnetic waves.

Main Results:

  • Recent advances have clarified mechanisms for multiferroicity and spin-driven ferroelectricity.
  • Numerous multiferroic materials have been identified, demonstrating various colossal ME controls.
  • Domain wall dynamics significantly amplify the ME response.
  • Electromagnons offer a new pathway for ME optics via resonant coupling.

Conclusions:

  • Multiferroics are key to achieving low-dissipation cross-control of magnetic and electric properties.
  • The study of dynamical ME effects and electromagnons opens new avenues in multiferroic science.
  • Multiferroics hold promise for future dissipationless electronics and emergent electromagnetism.