Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents01:20

Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents

1.7K
Hyperlipidemia, a medical condition often referred to as high cholesterol, is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of lipids in the bloodstream. When present in excess, these lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides, can lead to serious health complications, often involving cardiovascular diseases. Illnesses like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and pancreatitis have all been linked to untreated hyperlipidemia. This means controlling and regulating cholesterol and triglyceride...
1.7K
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

219
Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
219
Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

Atherosclerosis III: Management

719
Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
719
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

804
Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
804
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

156
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
156
Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

2.0K
Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Haptoglobin genotype 2-2 associated with atherosclerosis in patients with ischemic stroke.

Gene·2020
Same author

Lipid lowering drug therapy in patients with coronary heart disease from 24 European countries--Findings from the EUROASPIRE IV survey.

Atherosclerosis·2016
Same author

Alirocumab: targeting PCSK9 to treat hypercholesterolemia.

Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998)·2016
Same author

Managing the residual cardiovascular disease risk associated with HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in statin-treated patients: a clinical update.

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·2013
Same author

SURF - SUrvey of Risk Factor management: first report of an international audit.

European journal of preventive cardiology·2012
Same author

Guidelines on CVD prevention: confusing or complementary?

Atherosclerosis·2012
Same journal

Dysregulated growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a meta-analysis.

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·2026
Same journal

Inclisiran-will it fulfill its promise?

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·2026
Same journal

Incretin-based therapies and craving: a clinical signal pointing to reward reprogramming.

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·2026
Same journal

Joint associations of accelerometer-measured sleep duration and physical activity with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a longitudinal cohort study.

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·2026
Same journal

Liver fibrosis, but not steatosis, provides incremental prognostic value beyond cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic staging.

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·2026
Same journal

Comment on "Temporal trends in hyperlipidemia among adults with diabetes mellitus, 1999-2024: Insights from the CDC WONDER database".

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles
09:15

Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles

Published on: November 10, 2017

14.8K

Resistance and intolerance to statins.

Z Reiner1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases : NMCD
|July 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many patients struggle with statin therapy due to resistance or intolerance. Nonadherence is a common cause of poor low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) response, but alternative treatments exist.

Keywords:
EzetimibeIntoleranceLDL-cholesterolPCSK9ResistanceStatins

More Related Videos

LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring
08:45

LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring

Published on: November 17, 2018

13.2K
Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
07:29

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

Published on: October 12, 2017

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles
09:15

Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles

Published on: November 10, 2017

14.8K
LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring
08:45

LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring

Published on: November 17, 2018

13.2K
Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
07:29

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

Published on: October 12, 2017

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Lipid Metabolism

Background:

  • Statin therapy is crucial for managing hypercholesterolemia.
  • A significant number of patients exhibit statin resistance, failing to achieve target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels.
  • Statin intolerance, characterized by adverse effects like myopathy, further limits treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the genetic and non-genetic factors contributing to statin resistance and intolerance.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for predicting statin response.
  • To review alternative therapeutic strategies for patients unresponsive or intolerant to statins.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic polymorphisms associated with statin metabolism and efficacy.
  • Analysis of clinical factors influencing statin response, including inflammatory states and adherence.
  • Examination of current and emerging alternative lipid-lowering therapies.

Main Results:

  • Statin resistance is linked to genetic variations in genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, transport, and drug metabolism (e.g., HMG-CoA-R, ABCB1, ABCG2, OATP, NPC1L1, PCSK9, LDLR).
  • Nonadherence and non-persistence are identified as primary drivers of pseudo-statin resistance.
  • Inflammatory conditions and HIV infection can also diminish statin effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • While numerous genetic factors are associated with statin response, routine pharmacogenetic testing is not yet recommended.
  • Addressing nonadherence is critical for optimizing statin therapy.
  • Alternative treatments like ezetimibe, bile acid sequestrants, mipomersen, lomitapide, and PCSK9 inhibitors offer options for statin-resistant or intolerant patients.