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Effects of fibrinolytic inhibitors on mortality from upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
1University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
Objective:
To see whether fibrinolytic inhibitors are of value when given to patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Design:
Meta-analysis of six randomised double blind placebo controlled trials. Two methods used for obtaining an overall estimate of effect, including a random effects model incorporating any heterogeneity of outcome in the estimate of the overall treatment effect.
Setting:
Inpatient care in hospitals in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Australia.
Patients:
1267 Patients admitted to hospital with primary diagnosis of acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Five of the six trials included a high proportion of elderly patients. Most patients were bleeding from peptic ulcers in the stomach and duodenum (43-88%) or gastric erosions (4-23%). A variable proportion had a degree of clinical shock at entry.
Interventions:
Tranexamic acid 3-6 g/day given intravenously for two or three days followed by 3-6 g/day by mouth for a further three to five days (four trials) or 4.5-12 g/day by mouth for two to seven days (two trials).
End Points:
Frequency of recurrent haemorrhage, need for surgery, and death.
Main Results:
Treatment with tranexamic acid was associated with a 20-30% reduction in the rate of rebleeding, a 30-40% reduction (95% confidence interval 10% to 60%) in mortality.
Conclusions:
Treatment with tranexamic acid may be of value to patients considered to be at risk of dying after an upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.