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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Influenza01:27

Influenza

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Memory CD4 T cells in influenza.

Kyra D Zens1, Donna L Farber

  • 1Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, BB15, New York, NY, 10032, USA.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|July 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Memory CD4 T cells offer broad protection against influenza A virus by targeting conserved proteins. These cells, especially tissue-resident populations in the lungs, are crucial for robust immunity and vaccine development.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Influenza A virus causes significant global morbidity and mortality.
  • Current vaccines offer limited cross-protection due to targeting variable surface proteins.
  • Memory CD4 T cells recognize conserved viral antigens, providing broader immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the generation and function of memory CD4 T cells in influenza infection.
  • To explore mechanisms of enhanced protection conferred by memory CD4 T cells.
  • To discuss the role of memory CD4 T cells in influenza vaccine responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on influenza immunology.
  • Analysis of data from human challenge studies and mouse models.

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  • Examination of CD4 T cell phenotype, localization, and function.

    • Main Results:

    • Memory CD4 T cells are key correlates of protection in human influenza.
    • These cells mediate protection independently of other immune cells in mouse models.
    • Tissue-resident CD4 memory T cells in the lung enhance protective responses.

    Conclusions:

    • Memory CD4 T cells are critical for effective immunity against diverse influenza strains.
    • Understanding their generation and function is vital for improving influenza vaccines.
    • Targeting CD4 T cell responses holds promise for next-generation vaccinology.