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Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis

Published on: June 5, 2018

A mechanical model predicts morphological abnormalities in the developing human brain.

Silvia Budday¹, Charles Raybaud², Ellen Kuhl³

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Scientific Reports

|July 11, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanical stretch is crucial for human brain development. Our model integrates growth and tension, predicting that abnormal growth causes brain malformations like lissencephaly and polymicrogyria.

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Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Neuroscience
Biomechanics

Background:

Human brain development is complex and not fully understood.
The role of mechanical forces in brain development is underestimated.
Existing hypotheses for cortical folding (axonal tension, differential growth) are often considered competing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of mechanical stretch in human brain development.
To develop a unified model integrating mechanical forces and growth for cortical folding.
To understand the origins of brain malformations.

Main Methods:

Utilized nonlinear field theories of mechanics and finite growth theory.
Modeled the brain as a system with a growing outer surface and stretch-driven inner core.
Calibrated the model using magnetic resonance images from preterm neonates.

Main Results:

Mechanical stretch significantly influences brain development.
The integrated model explains cortical folding by combining axonal tension and differential growth.
Predicted that deviations in cortical growth and thickness lead to morphological abnormalities.
Demonstrated agreement between model predictions and pathologies like lissencephaly and polymicrogyria using the gyrification index.

Conclusions:

Mechanical forces, specifically stretch, are critical in shaping the developing human brain.
The developed model provides a unified framework for understanding cortical folding.
Abnormalities in brain growth mechanics are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Findings have implications for diagnosing and treating neurological conditions such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism.