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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

1.6K
Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

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Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
219
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

275
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
275
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
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Antiviral drug allergy.

Brigitte Milpied-Homsi1, Ellen M Moran2, Elizabeth J Phillips3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Saint-André Hospital, Bordeaux, WA 6150, France.

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
|July 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Antiviral drugs can cause delayed hypersensitivity reactions, often presenting as mild rashes. Genetic screening, like for HLA-B*57:01 with abacavir, helps prevent severe immune-mediated reactions in HIV and hepatitis C patients.

Keywords:
AbacavirAltered peptide repertoireAntiretroviralHuman leukocyte antigenMajor histocompatibility complexNevirapineTelaprevir pharmacogenomics

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antiviral medications for HIV and hepatitis C are frequent triggers of delayed drug hypersensitivity.
  • Severe hypersensitivity reactions are increasingly understood to be immunogenetically mediated.
  • Abacavir hypersensitivity, linked to HLA-B*57:01, exemplifies this genetic link.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and clinical presentation of antiviral drug hypersensitivity.
  • To highlight the role of immunogenetics in severe drug reactions.
  • To discuss management strategies for antiviral drug allergies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on antiviral drug hypersensitivity.
  • Analysis of immunogenetic associations with severe reactions.
  • Clinical case examples of drug-induced hypersensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Most antiviral drug allergies manifest as mild to moderate delayed rashes.
  • Severe reactions, though less common, are often immunogenetically determined.
  • Routine genetic screening (e.g., HLA-B*57:01 for abacavir) can prevent severe hypersensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Antiviral drug hypersensitivity is common, with most reactions being mild.
  • Severe reactions necessitate understanding of underlying immunogenetics.
  • Continued observation and symptomatic management are key for mild reactions, while genetic screening is crucial for specific drugs.