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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Cancer: pathological nuclear reprogramming?

Colin R Goding1, Duanqing Pei2, Xin Lu1

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Nature Reviews. Cancer
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer cells exhibit pathological self-renewal, mirroring stem cell processes. Aberrant reprogramming and DNA methylation mutations may indicate cancers with a stem cell origin, offering potential clinical benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Cancer biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Stem cells possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities crucial for development.
  • Cancer cell 'immortality' can be viewed as a form of pathological self-renewal.
  • Molecular pathways governing stem cell pluripotency share similarities with cancer deregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the parallels between stem cell self-renewal and cancer cell immortality.
  • To investigate the role of aberrant reprogramming in tumorigenesis.
  • To identify potential cancer hallmarks related to stem cell origins and DNA methylation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of molecular mechanisms in stem cell reprogramming and cancer.
  • Examination of tumorigenic potential of aberrant cellular reprogramming.
  • Investigation of DNA methylation dynamics in cancers of stem cell origin.

Main Results:

  • Similar molecular mechanisms underlie induced pluripotent stem cell generation and cancer.
  • Aberrant reprogramming processes are demonstrably tumorigenic.
  • Mutations in DNA methylation genes are associated with stem cell-derived cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer's 'immortality' is analogous to pathological stem cell self-renewal.
  • Aberrant reprogramming is a key factor linking stem cells and cancer.
  • DNA methylation dynamics offer insights into stem cell origins of cancer, potentially guiding clinical strategies.