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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

405
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
405
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

954
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
954
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

547
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
547
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach
09:32

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

Published on: September 26, 2019

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Pediatric patient with a rash.

Jared Sutton1, Ryan Walsh1, Jillian Franklin1

  • 1Madigan Army Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Tacoma, Washington.

The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
|July 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This case report details a rare instance of shingles (herpes zoster) in a 2-year-old child with no prior chickenpox history. It highlights the need to consider shingles in pediatric rashes, even without a documented varicella infection.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) typically causes chickenpox followed by latent infection, with reactivation leading to herpes zoster (shingles).
  • Shingles in children, especially those without a history of chickenpox, is uncommon but documented.
  • Understanding the epidemiology and triggers of VZV reactivation in pediatric populations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.

Observation:

  • A 2-year-old male presented with a week-long rash after returning from a Canadian hiking trip.
  • Initial diagnosis of contact dermatitis was revised to herpes zoster based on viral polymerase chain reaction testing.
  • The patient was fully immunized but had no personal history of chickenpox.

Findings:

  • This case suggests that herpes zoster can occur in young children without a preceding symptomatic varicella infection.

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  • The etiology in such cases may involve subclinical VZV primary infection or reactivation from an unknown source.
  • Literature review is needed to determine the incidence and potential triggers for shingles in immunocompetent children without a documented chickenpox history.

    • Implications:

    • Clinicians should consider herpes zoster in the differential diagnosis of pediatric rashes, even in the absence of a clear chickenpox history.
    • Further research into the incidence and specific etiological factors of shingles in young children is warranted.
    • This case underscores the importance of considering atypical presentations of common viral infections in pediatric populations.