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Distinct bacterial assemblages reside at different depths in Arctic multiyear sea ice.

Ido Hatam1, Rhianna Charchuk, Benjamin Lange

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FEMS Microbiology Ecology
|July 22, 2014
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Summary

Arctic sea ice harbors distinct bacterial communities within different ice layers. Ice age and formation conditions, not just depth, shape these microbial assemblages in multiyear ice.

Keywords:
bacteriadepth profilesea ice

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Oceanography
  • Arctic Science

Background:

  • Arctic sea ice microbial communities are crucial for ocean nutrient and energy cycling.
  • Sea ice exhibits vertical gradients in physical and chemical properties, influencing life within it.
  • Multiyear ice (MYI) comprises distinct layers, including old freshwater ice, saline ice, and potential melt pond layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate bacterial community structure variation with depth in Arctic multiyear sea ice.
  • To determine if bacterial assemblages differ due to ice depth, homogeneity within layers, or distinct ice layer conditions.
  • To understand the primary drivers structuring microbial communities in Arctic sea ice.

Main Methods:

  • Collected multiyear ice cores off Ellesmere Island, Canada.
  • Sectioned cores into 30-cm intervals for analysis.
  • Characterized bacterial assemblage structure using 16S rRNA gene pyrotag sequencing.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial communities clustered into three distinct groups corresponding to ice layers: top (0-30 cm), middle (30-150 cm), and bottom (150-236 cm).
  • These layers correlated with refrozen melt pond ice, older ice, and first-year ice.
  • Bacterial assemblages were primarily structured by the ice's age and formation conditions, rather than solely by in situ environmental gradients.

Conclusions:

  • Multiyear Arctic sea ice hosts multiple, distinct bacterial assemblages.
  • The history and formation conditions of sea ice layers are more significant in shaping microbial communities than current environmental gradients.
  • This highlights the importance of ice provenance in understanding Arctic marine microbial ecology.