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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

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The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Microstructural information from angular double-pulsed-field-gradient NMR: From model systems to nerves.

Darya Morozov1, Leah Bar2, Nir Sochen2

  • 1School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|July 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Angular double-pulsed-field gradient (d-PFG) Magnetic Resonance (MR) accurately models microstructural features in phantoms and fixed nerves. This technique provides detailed information on component sizes and water diffusion, aiding in nerve microstructure analysis.

Keywords:
NMR spectroscopydiffusion NMRdouble-pulsed-field-gradient (d-PFG)microstructurenerve

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Microstructural analysis is crucial for understanding biological tissues.
  • Magnetic Resonance (MR) techniques offer non-invasive imaging capabilities.
  • Angular double-pulsed-field gradient (d-PFG) MR is an advanced diffusion MR method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the efficacy of angular d-PFG MR in characterizing microstructural properties.
  • To evaluate the technique's performance in complex phantoms with known ground truth.
  • To apply the methodology for analyzing fixed nerve microstructures.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of signal modeling for angular d-PFG MR experiments.
  • Utilizing phantoms with increasing complexity to validate the model.
  • Applying the validated model to study microstructural features in fixed nerves.

Main Results:

  • High accuracy in determining sizes and fractions of restricted components and free water molecules.
  • Successful application to nerve microstructure, yielding an apparent averaged axonal diameter (AAD) of 2.3 ± 0.2 μm.
  • Observed dependence of results on data acquisition parameters and diffusion time.

Conclusions:

  • Angular d-PFG MR modeling provides accurate microstructural insights in controlled phantoms.
  • The approach shows promise for obtaining microstructural features in fixed nerves.
  • Further refinement may be needed to account for parameter dependencies in biological tissues.