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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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RNA Interference01:23

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Enhanced Crosslinking Immunoprecipitation eCLIP Method for Efficient Identification of Protein-bound RNA in Mouse Testis
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Small noncoding RNAs and male infertility.

Lan-Tao Gou1, Peng Dai, Mo-Fang Liu

  • 1Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
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PubMed
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Small noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression and are vital for male fertility. This review covers microRNAs, endo-siRNAs, and piRNAs in animal spermatogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression across transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels.
  • These ncRNAs are essential for numerous cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms.
  • Specific types, including microRNAs (miRNAs), endo-small interference RNAs (endo-siRNAs), and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), are found in the male germline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of small ncRNAs in male germ cells.
  • To elucidate the biological functions of these ncRNAs in animal spermatogenesis.
  • To summarize the mechanisms of action for ncRNAs during sperm development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on small ncRNAs in male germ cells.
  • Analysis of biological functions and regulatory roles.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms in spermatogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Small ncRNAs, including miRNAs, endo-siRNAs, and piRNAs, are expressed in the male germline.
  • These molecules play critical roles in regulating gene expression during spermatogenesis.
  • Evidence indicates their necessity for successful sperm production in animals.

Conclusions:

  • Small ncRNAs are indispensable for male germ cell development and function.
  • Understanding these regulators offers insights into male reproductive health.
  • Further research into ncRNA mechanisms can reveal therapeutic targets for infertility.