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Quantifying cobalt in doping control urine samples--a pilot study.

Oliver Krug1, Daniel Kutscher, Thomas Piper

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.

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Urinary cobalt levels can indicate misuse of cobaltous chloride by athletes. While normal ranges were observed in reference and elite athlete groups, elevated levels after cobaltous chloride ingestion suggest its use as an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Cobaltous chloride historically stimulated erythropoiesis but is now clinically obsolete.
  • Its misuse as an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in sports remains a concern.
  • Analytical methods are needed to detect cobalt misuse in athletes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess analytical options for detecting cobalt misuse in athletes.
  • To determine urinary cobalt concentrations in different subject groups.
  • To provide data on the prevalence and detection of cobalt use/misuse.

Main Methods:

  • Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyzed urinary cobalt.
  • Four groups were studied: reference population, elite athletes, cobaltous chloride ingestion, and cobalamin supplementation.
  • Urine samples were collected and analyzed for cobalt concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Reference and elite athlete groups showed normal urinary cobalt levels (0.1-2.2 ng/mL).
  • Elite athletes had slightly higher, statistically significant cobalt levels compared to the reference group (p < 0.01).
  • Cobaltous chloride ingestion led to significantly elevated urinary cobalt (40-318 ng/mL) for up to 33 hours; cobalamin supplementation did not increase levels above 2 ng/mL.

Conclusions:

  • Urinary cobalt concentration measurement is a potential indicator of cobaltous chloride use by athletes.
  • Further research is needed to understand factors influencing urinary cobalt levels.
  • This pilot study provides a basis for developing doping control strategies related to cobalt.