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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents
Published on: April 25, 2017
Bladder outlet obstruction in women: functional causes
Ashley B King1, Howard B Goldman
1Center for Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. Q10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA, kingab3@gmail.com.
Abstract:
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women has received less focus in the past, as compared with BOO in men; however, more recently, studies have further examined BOO and voiding dysfunction in women to define the various etiologies, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies. The differential diagnosis in women is broad and includes anatomic, neurologic, and functional etiologies. This review focuses on the functional etiologies, including dysfunctional voiding, Fowler's syndrome, and primary bladder neck obstruction in adult women.
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