Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
Most signaling systems have negative feedback loops that can perform different functions such as output limiter, and adaptation.
Output limiter
Upon receiving an input signal, the cellular response rapidly increases until a threshold is reached. Beyond this threshold, a negative feedback loop...

Proofreading

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore, it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase...

Proofreading

Proofreading

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:

Effects of feedback

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Potential Impact of Reduced Donor Funding for HIV Programs on Malawi's Disease Burden.

AIDS (London, England)·2026

Same author

Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Improving Access to Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Treatment in Malawi.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2026

Same author

Dataset for rapid estimation of femoral neck loading during gait and dynamic exercises.

Scientific data·2026

Same author

Smoking, Diabetes, Workers' Compensation, and Traumatic Tears Are Risk Factors for Postoperative Shoulder Stiffness After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026

Same author

Estimating System-Wide Healthcare Costs Using a Health System Model: Application to the Thanzi La Onse Model of Malawi.

Applied health economics and health policy·2026

Same author

Nurse Transitions From Classroom to Clinical: Defining and Prioritizing Nursing Informatics Competencies.

Nursing education perspectives·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

Computational design of nucleic acid feedback control circuits.

Boyan Yordanov¹, Jongmin Kim, Rasmus L Petersen

¹Microsoft Research, Cambridge CB1 2FB, United Kingdom.

ACS Synthetic Biology

|July 26, 2014

Summary

This study introduces a computational method for designing synthetic nucleic acid circuits. The approach enables precise control of molecular processes for biotechnology applications.

More Related Videos

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

Published on: November 25, 2015

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Published on: July 8, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 26, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

Published on: November 25, 2015

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Published on: July 8, 2013

Area of Science:

Synthetic biology
Molecular engineering
Biotechnology

Background:

Designing synthetic circuits is crucial for controlling molecular processes.
Potential applications exist in vitro and in vivo biotechnology.
Existing methodologies express circuits as biomolecular reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a computational approach for designing nucleic acid-based feedback control circuits.
To extend existing methodologies for circuit expression using catalysis and annihilation reactions.
To propose implementations of these reactions in DNA strand displacement, DNA enzyme, and RNA enzyme systems.

Main Methods:

Extended an existing methodology for expressing control circuits as biomolecular reactions.
Utilized catalysis and annihilation reaction classes.
Proposed implementations using DNA strand displacement, DNA enzymes, and RNA enzymes.
Designed a Proportional Integral controller.

Main Results:

Successfully designed a Proportional Integral controller using nucleic acid circuits.
Demonstrated the adaptability of the methodology across different nucleic acid mechanisms.
Implemented the methodology as a software extension for DNA strand displacement tools.

Conclusions:

The proposed computational approach facilitates the design of nucleic acid feedback control circuits.
The methodology supports diverse nucleic acid mechanisms, enabling broad applicability.
This work provides a unified framework for designing and analyzing nucleic acid circuits.