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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins
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A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins

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Influenza virus-glycan interactions.

Gillian M Air1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.

Current Opinion in Virology
|July 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Influenza viruses bind to host cells via hemagglutinin. Recent studies reveal surprising changes in avian and human influenza virus binding specificity to sialic acids, without impacting host cell infection.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Glycobiology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Influenza viruses utilize hemagglutinin to bind sialic acids on host cells.
  • Avian influenza viruses typically bind α2-3 linked sialic acids, while human strains prefer α2-6 linkages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate recent findings on influenza virus hemagglutinin binding specificity.
  • To understand how technological advancements have impacted the study of influenza-sialic acid interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Glycan binding assays
  • Influenza reverse genetics systems
  • X-ray crystallography

Main Results:

  • Technological advances have led to increased data on influenza virus binding.

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  • Observed changes in binding specificity between avian and human influenza viruses.
  • These specificity changes do not appear to affect viral infectivity.

    • Conclusions:

    • Despite altered binding preferences, influenza viruses maintain their ability to infect host cells.
    • Further research is warranted to explore the implications of these binding specificity shifts.