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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Progress in base-metal water oxidation catalysis.

Alexander Rene Parent1, Ken Sakai

  • 1International Institute for Carbon-Neutral, Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan). aparent@chem.kyushu-univ.jp.

Chemsuschem
|July 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers base metal (manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper) water oxidation catalysts developed since the 1990s. It analyzes progress, stability, and future directions for robust catalytic systems.

Keywords:
energy storagehomogeneous catalysisoxidationtransition metalswater chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Homogeneous water oxidation is crucial for artificial photosynthesis and renewable energy.
  • Base metal catalysts offer a cost-effective alternative to precious metal catalysts.
  • Significant research has focused on developing efficient and stable base metal water oxidation catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of homogeneous water oxidation catalysts based on base metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu).
  • To analyze the progress and impact of research in this field from the 1990s to mid-2014.
  • To identify opportunities for further improvement and highlight the importance of catalyst stability.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of published research on base metal water oxidation catalysts.
  • Comparative analysis of the performance and stability of various base metal catalysts.
  • Identification of trends and challenges in the development of these catalytic systems.

Main Results:

  • Progress in base metal-catalyzed water oxidation has been significant, with various complexes showing promising activity.
  • The stability of reported base metal catalysts varies considerably, underscoring the need for more robust systems.
  • Key factors influencing catalyst performance and stability have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • Base metal catalysts are viable candidates for water oxidation, but further development is needed to enhance their stability and efficiency.
  • This review serves as a foundational resource for researchers entering or working in the field of base metal water oxidation.
  • Future research should focus on designing more robust and sustainable catalytic systems using earth-abundant metals.