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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

4.4K
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

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Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

30.0K
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
30.0K
Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

43.5K
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
43.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy Conpokal on Live Cells
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Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy Conpokal on Live Cells

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Real-Time Nanoparticle-Cell Interactions in Physiological Media by Atomic Force Microscopy.

Georgios Pyrgiotakis1, Christoph O Blattmann1, Philip Demokritou1

  • 1Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology at Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts United States.

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
|July 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) interact with lung cells differently based on size, material, and the presence of proteins. Protein coatings significantly reduce nanoparticle-cell binding forces and attachment.

Keywords:
Atomic force microscopyCerium oxideIron oxideNano-EHSNanoparticlesNanotoxicologyNano−bio interactionsProtein corona

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Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy
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Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

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Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Particle-cell interactions are crucial for nanoparticle fate, transport, and biological effects.
  • Understanding these interactions in physiological conditions is essential for nanoparticle safety and application.
  • Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) require detailed characterization of their behavior at the cellular level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the real-time atomic-level interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and lung epithelial cells.
  • To determine the influence of physiological media, specifically serum proteins, on ENP-cell adhesion.
  • To assess the impact of ENP size and material composition on cellular interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel atomic force microscopy (AFM) platform for real-time interaction measurements.
  • Synthesized cerium oxide (CeO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) ENPs using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP).
  • Measured detachment forces and bond formation between ENP-functionalized AFM tips and A549 lung cells in various media.

Main Results:

  • Atomic-level ENP-cell interaction forces are highly dependent on the composition of the physiological media.
  • Serum proteins significantly reduced both detachment force and the number of bonds by approximately 50%.
  • Nanoparticle-cell interactions demonstrated dependence on both particle size and material.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of a protein corona plays a critical role in modulating ENP-cell interactions in biological environments.
  • AFM provides a powerful tool for quantifying the fundamental forces governing nanoparticle-cell adhesion.
  • Findings highlight the importance of considering media composition and nanoparticle properties for predicting in vivo behavior.