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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Emergency Undocking in Robotic Surgery: A Simulation Curriculum
Published on: May 20, 2018
Simulation and optimization models for emergency medical systems planning
Andrea Bettinelli1, Roberto Cordone2, Federico Ficarelli3
1Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract:
The authors address strategic planning problems for emergency medical systems (EMS). In particular, the three following critical decisions are considered: i) how many ambulances to deploy in a given territory at any given point in time, to meet the forecasted demand, yielding an appropriate response time; ii) when ambulances should be used for serving nonurgent requests and when they should better be kept idle for possible incoming urgent requests; iii) how to define an optimal mix of contracts for renting ambulances from private associations to meet the forecasted demand at minimum cost. In particular, analytical models for decision support, based on queuing theory, discrete-event simulation, and integer linear programming were presented. Computational experiments have been done on real data from the city of Milan, Italy.
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