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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Amines: Introduction01:07

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Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

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Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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New nitrogenous compounds from Anisotes trisulcus.

Mohamed A El-Shanawany, Hanaa M Sayed, Sabrin R M Ibrahim

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    |July 30, 2014
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study isolated new quinazoline alkaloids and quaternary ammonium compounds from Anisotes trisulcus. Methanolic, n-hexane, and EtOAc extracts showed significant antihyperglycaemic activity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Phytochemistry
    • Natural Product Chemistry
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Anisotes trisulcus is a plant species with potential medicinal properties.
    • Previous research has explored its chemical constituents, but further investigation is warranted.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To isolate and characterize new chemical compounds from Anisotes trisulcus aerial parts.
    • To evaluate the antihyperglycaemic potential of various plant extracts.

    Main Methods:

    • Phytochemical analysis using spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, NMR).
    • Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for fatty acid and sterol profiling.
    • In vitro evaluation of antihyperglycaemic activity of plant extracts.

    Main Results:

    • Isolation of two novel tricyclic quinazoline alkaloids (4, 5) and two new quaternary ammonium compounds (6, 7).
    • Identification of three known compounds: peganine (1), vasicinone (2), and anisotine (3).
    • GC-MS analysis revealed a diverse profile of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and sterols.
    • Methanolic, n-hexane, and EtOAc extracts demonstrated significant hypoglycaemic effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Anisotes trisulcus is a source of novel quinazoline alkaloids and other bioactive compounds.
    • The plant extracts possess promising antihyperglycaemic properties, supporting its traditional medicinal use.