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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates
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[Synaptic plasticity and synaptic reorganization regulated by microglia].

Yoshinori Hayashi, Hiroshi Nakanishi

    Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi = Japanese Journal of Psychopharmacology
    |July 30, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Microglia, the brain's immune cells, actively regulate brain function by modulating neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Dysfunctional microglia are linked to neuropsychiatric disorders.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Immunology
    • Cell Biology

    Context:

    • Microglia are traditionally viewed as brain macrophages responding to injury.
    • Emerging evidence highlights their active role in modulating neural functions.
    • Their functions extend beyond immune responses to synaptic regulation.

    Purpose:

    • To explore the multifaceted roles of microglia in brain function.
    • To investigate their influence on neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and remodeling.
    • To understand the molecular mechanisms, including clock gene regulation, underlying microglial functions.

    Summary:

    • Microglia secrete factors like glycine to enhance NMDA receptor activity and hippocampal long-term potentiation, crucial for learning and memory.
    • They participate in synaptic remodeling, including pruning synapses during development and in novel environments.

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    Author Spotlight: In Vitro Co-Culture Model for Studying Microglia-Neuronal Interactions in Disease Conditions
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  • Clock genes in microglia regulate diurnal synaptic activity via P2Y12R and cathepsin S.

    • Impact:

    • Defects in microglial functions, including synaptic modulation and diurnal rhythm regulation, are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders.
    • Understanding these roles is vital for developing novel therapeutic strategies for brain diseases.
    • This research redefines microglia as key regulators of brain homeostasis and function.