Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: uses and recommendations
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
Published on: August 29, 2025
Isabel Izquierdo1, Julio Olea, Francisco José Abad
1Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Background:
The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) procedure is one of the most commonly used in social and behavioral sciences. However, it is also one of the most criticized due to the poor management researchers usually display. The main goal is to examine the relationship between practices usually considered more appropriate and actual decisions made by researchers.
Method:
The use of exploratory factor analysis is examined in 117 papers published between 2011 and 2012 in 3 Spanish psychological journals with the highest impact within the previous five years.
Results:
RESULTS show significant rates of questionable decisions in conducting EFA, based on unjustified or mistaken decisions regarding the method of extraction, retention, and rotation of factors.
Conclusions:
Overall, the current review provides support for some improvement guidelines regarding how to apply and report an EFA.
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