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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

2.7K
The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint
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Apical constriction: location and dimensions in molars-a micro-computed tomography study.

Ashraf ElAyouti1, Maren Hülber-J1, Martin S Judenhofer2

  • 1Division of Endodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Journal of Endodontics
|July 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The apical constriction, a key feature in molars, was confirmed to exist near the root apex. Its most common form is parallel, with dimensions varying by patient age.

Keywords:
Apical anatomyapical constrictionmicro computed tomographymolarsmulti threshold segmentation

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Dental Anatomy
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The existence of the apical constriction has been debated.
  • Accurate understanding is crucial for endodontic procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the existence of the apical constriction.
  • Determine its location and dimensions in human molars using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT).

Main Methods:

  • Micro-CT analysis of 90 human molars (271 canals).
  • Defined apical constriction (AC) as the narrowest area (≥0.1 mm length).
  • Analyzed distance to apical foramen (AC-AF) and apex (AC-A), size, and form.

Main Results:

  • AC was located at or near the apical foramen (mean AC-AF: 0.2 mm).
  • The most common form was parallel (76% of canals).
  • Younger patients (≤30 years) exhibited significantly wider constrictions.

Conclusions:

  • The apical constriction is a validated anatomical feature in molars.
  • Its location is typically at or near the apical foramen.
  • The parallel form is most prevalent, with age influencing constriction width.