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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Echinoderm Physiology
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Ocean acidification poses a significant threat to marine calcifying organisms.
  • Echinoderms, including sea urchins, starfish, and brittle stars, are vulnerable to changing seawater chemistry.
  • Existing research has primarily focused on the effects of acidification on skeletal growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review available evidence on the impact of ocean acidification and warming on echinoderm skeletons.
  • To assess the differential effects on various echinoderm classes (sea urchins, starfish, brittle stars) and life stages (juvenile, adult).
  • To identify knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions concerning skeletal integrity and mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 33 studies on echinoderms.
  • Analysis of data on skeletal growth, dissolution, and mechanical properties under varying pH and temperature conditions.
  • Synthesis of findings across different species and life stages.

Main Results:

  • Juvenile sea urchin growth is negatively affected at pH 7.8-7.6, projected for the 21st century.
  • Adult sea urchins and starfish show marginal or even positive responses to acidification.
  • Brittle stars exhibit moderate effects at pH ≤ 7.4; spine dissolution is a concern for sea urchins, with potential energetic costs.

Conclusions:

  • Ocean acidification presents a complex threat to echinoderm skeletal integrity, with varied species-specific and stage-specific responses.
  • Further research is crucial to understand the functional consequences of skeletal modifications and their impact on mechanical properties.
  • Focus should shift towards assessing long-term impacts, dissolution risks, and biomechanical changes in echinoderms.