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Long-term obesity is linked to later-life functional limitations, but this connection is mainly due to higher body mass index (BMI) in later life. Preventing weight gain in early adulthood may reduce the risk of future functional decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Obesity Research
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Obesity is occurring earlier in life, increasing cumulative exposure.
  • The long-term effects of obesity on functioning in later life are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) at age 25 and current BMI with functional limitations in older adults.
  • To determine if long-term obesity, compared to later-life obesity, impacts functional decline.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 7258 US adults aged 60-79 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2010).
  • Functional limitations defined by difficulty or inability to perform 8 tasks.
  • Generalized regression models predicted limitations based on BMI at age 25 and current BMI, adjusted for covariates.

Main Results:

  • Overweight/obesity at age 25 was associated with increased odds of functional limitations, but this link weakened significantly after adjusting for current BMI.
  • Obesity at age 25 showed higher odds of severe limitations (2.72 before, 1.32 after current BMI adjustment).
  • Some associations between early-life obesity and specific functional tasks persisted after adjusting for current BMI.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term overweight and obesity are significantly associated with later-life functional limitations.
  • This association is largely explained by higher BMI in later life.
  • Preventing weight gain in early adulthood may mitigate the risk of future functional loss.