Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

1.9K
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
1.9K
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

1.2K
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
1.2K
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

3.4K
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
3.4K
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

4.7K
Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
4.7K
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

2.0K
Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
2.0K
Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

4.3K
The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Learned young: HIV-1 germline-targeting vaccination in infants.

Current opinion in HIV and AIDS·2026
Same author

Preserving the future of vaccine science in the USA.

Nature microbiology·2026
Same author

Why do we have a vaccine for measles, but not cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Human herpesvirus evasion of humoral immunity and implications for vaccine development.

Nature reviews. Microbiology·2026
Same author

A Vaccine to Prevent Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Where Do We Go Next?

JAMA pediatrics·2026
Same author

<i>Trichosporon inkin</i> meningitis in a pediatric patient diagnosed via metagenomic sequencing.

ASM case reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
08:12

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

Published on: September 6, 2019

6.4K

Immune-based interventions to prevent postnatal HIV-1 transmission.

Genevieve G Fouda1, Sallie R Permar1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.

Trends in Microbiology
|August 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission remains critical, as over 250,000 infants are infected annually. New strategies are needed to combat infections passed through breast milk.

More Related Videos

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
08:15

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

7.5K
Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus
13:00

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Published on: July 31, 2021

3.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
08:12

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

Published on: September 6, 2019

6.4K
Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
08:15

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

7.5K
Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus
13:00

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Published on: July 31, 2021

3.3K

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Global efforts to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) using antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been scaled up worldwide.
  • Despite these advances, over 250,000 infants are still infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) annually.
  • A significant proportion of these postnatal infections, nearly half, are attributed to transmission via breast milk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the persistent challenge of postnatal HIV-1 transmission, particularly through breastfeeding.
  • To emphasize the urgent need for novel strategies to prevent HIV-1 transmission after birth.
  • To underscore the goal of achieving an HIV-1-free generation.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review and analysis of existing data on PMTCT services and infant HIV-1 infection rates.
  • It synthesizes information on transmission routes, focusing on the role of breastfeeding.
  • The research identifies gaps in current prevention methods.

Main Results:

  • Antiretroviral-based PMTCT services have reduced but not eliminated infant HIV-1 infections.
  • Breast milk remains a primary route for postnatal HIV-1 transmission, accounting for a substantial number of new infant infections.
  • Current strategies are insufficient to prevent all postnatal transmissions.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving an HIV-1-free generation requires innovative approaches beyond current antiretroviral interventions.
  • Developing alternative strategies to prevent transmission via breast milk is crucial.
  • Further research and implementation of new PMTCT methods are imperative.