Immune-based interventions to prevent postnatal HIV-1 transmission

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Infectious Diseases
• Virology

Background:

• Global efforts to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) using antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been scaled up worldwide.
• Despite these advances, over 250,000 infants are still infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) annually.
• A significant proportion of these postnatal infections, nearly half, are attributed to transmission via breast milk.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the persistent challenge of postnatal HIV-1 transmission, particularly through breastfeeding.
• To emphasize the urgent need for novel strategies to prevent HIV-1 transmission after birth.
• To underscore the goal of achieving an HIV-1-free generation.

Main Methods:

• This study is a review and analysis of existing data on PMTCT services and infant HIV-1 infection rates.
• It synthesizes information on transmission routes, focusing on the role of breastfeeding.
• The research identifies gaps in current prevention methods.

Main Results:

• Antiretroviral-based PMTCT services have reduced but not eliminated infant HIV-1 infections.
• Breast milk remains a primary route for postnatal HIV-1 transmission, accounting for a substantial number of new infant infections.
• Current strategies are insufficient to prevent all postnatal transmissions.

Conclusions:

• Achieving an HIV-1-free generation requires innovative approaches beyond current antiretroviral interventions.
• Developing alternative strategies to prevent transmission via breast milk is crucial.
• Further research and implementation of new PMTCT methods are imperative.