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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

23
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
23
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

18
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
18
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

15
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
15
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

15
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
15
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

15
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
15
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.0K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.0K

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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Conversion of autoimmune hypothyroidism to hyperthyroidism.

Saira Furqan1, Naeem-ul Haque, Najmul Islam

  • 1Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, P,O, Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan. saira.furqan@aku.edu.

BMC Research Notes
|August 4, 2014
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Summary

Conversion from hypothyroidism to hyperthyroidism, though rare, is increasingly observed in autoimmune thyroid disease. Persistent hyperthyroid symptoms in hypothyroid patients warrant investigation beyond thyroid hormone over-replacement.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Thyroid disorders

Background:

  • Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis represent the spectrum of autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • While hyperthyroidism converting to hypothyroidism is common, the reverse is rare.
  • Recent clinical observations suggest an increasing frequency of hypothyroidism converting to hyperthyroidism.

Observation:

  • Three middle-aged Asian females with autoimmune hypothyroidism, treated with thyroxine, later developed hyperthyroid symptoms.
  • Initial assessment suggested thyroxine over-replacement, but dose adjustment did not resolve symptoms.
  • Persistent hyperthyroidism was confirmed biochemically and via imaging, even after thyroxine withdrawal.

Findings:

  • Autoimmune hypothyroidism can convert to hyperthyroidism, a rare but increasingly recognized phenomenon.
  • Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, distinguishing it from thyroid hormone over-replacement.
  • Anti-thyroid treatment proved effective in managing the induced hyperthyroidism.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should consider the possibility of hypothyroidism converting to hyperthyroidism in patients with persistent hyperthyroid symptoms.
  • This diagnostic challenge can be overlooked if solely attributed to over-replacement of thyroid hormone.
  • Early recognition and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing this rare condition.