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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
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Diagnostic approach to vision loss.

Nancy Newman, Valérie Biousse

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |August 8, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Neurologists must master the differential diagnosis of visual loss, including conditions beyond optic nerve damage. Collaboration with ophthalmologists is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management when neuro-ophthalmologists are unavailable.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Ophthalmology
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Neurologists are expected to evaluate visual loss, considering the eye as part of the central nervous system (CNS).
    • Understanding diverse causes of visual loss, beyond optic nerve damage, is essential for accurate localization and diagnosis.
    • The visual pathways represent a significant portion of the brain and are susceptible to various neurological disorders.

    Observation:

    • Visual loss can stem from lesions within the eye, optic nerve, chiasm, retrochiasmal pathways, or higher visual processing centers.
    • Sudden visual loss requires a broad differential diagnosis encompassing various pathologies.
    • Neurologists must be adept at diagnosing visual loss, including optic neuropathies and intracranial visual pathway lesions.

    Findings:

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    Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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    • The differential diagnosis for visual loss must include all pathophysiologic processes affecting neural tissue.
    • Intracerebral visual loss is common due to the extensive nature of visual pathways within the brain.
    • A comprehensive approach is needed to differentiate between ocular, optic nerve, and central visual pathway disorders.

    Implications:

    • The limited availability of neuro-ophthalmologists necessitates that neurologists possess strong skills in managing visual loss.
    • Effective collaboration between neurologists and ophthalmologists is vital for optimal patient outcomes.
    • Accurate diagnosis and management of visual loss rely on a thorough understanding of neuro-ophthalmic principles.