Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

24
Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
24
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

18
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
18
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

23
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
23
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

15
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
15
The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

18.4K
Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
Periodic Table Provides Information...
18.4K
The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

161.5K
OverviewElements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally-occurring, and fewer still are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.The Periodic Table Provides Information...
161.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Associations of maternal urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate with maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: Modification by iodine status in the MARBLES study.

Environmental research·2026
Same author

Risk-stratification of pediatric thyroid nodules using ATA and ACR TIRADS adult thyroid nodule scoring systems.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists·2026
Same author

American Thyroid Association 2026 Guidelines for Thyroid Disease in Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association·2026
Same author

Iodine Nutrition as a Potential Determinant of Maternal Depression During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Scoping Review.

Nutrition reviews·2026
Same author

What is an optimal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone value in older adults?

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology·2026
Same author

Counseling Female Thyroid Cancer Patients on Radioactive Iodine and Fertility.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association·2026
Same journal

EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity·2026
Same journal

Exploring the role of parathyroid hormone in sarcopenia: A review.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity·2026
Same journal

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: an update on diagnostic and management challenges.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity·2026
Same journal

Prediabetes before pregnancy: implications for risk stratification and research.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity·2026
Same journal

Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease: update on pathophysiology and new treatment targets.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity·2026
Same journal

Revisiting the relationship between weight loss and bone health in people living with obesity: insights from the latest evidence.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

1.4K

Environmental perchlorate exposure: potential adverse thyroid effects.

Angela M Leung1, Elizabeth N Pearce, Lewis E Braverman

  • 1aDivision of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California bSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|August 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental perchlorate exposure may impact thyroid function and infant intelligence, but effects remain controversial. Further research is needed to clarify health risks, especially for pregnant women and infants.

More Related Videos

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

8.1K
Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides
08:39

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

Published on: September 16, 2020

7.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

1.4K
Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

8.1K
Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides
08:39

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

Published on: September 16, 2020

7.7K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Perchlorate is an environmental contaminant found in water and food.
  • Human exposure to perchlorate occurs through ingestion of contaminated water and food.
  • Perchlorate can interfere with thyroid hormone uptake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of perchlorate sources and human exposure.
  • To review human studies on perchlorate's health effects.
  • To discuss proposed regulatory actions for perchlorate contamination.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of human studies on perchlorate exposure.
  • Analysis of recent research on perchlorate and thyroid function.
  • Examination of proposed regulatory actions and their potential costs.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies suggest associations between urinary perchlorate levels, thyroid dysfunction, and reduced infant IQ.
  • Susceptible populations may be particularly vulnerable to perchlorate's effects.
  • An update on proposed regulatory actions and costs for perchlorate contamination mitigation is included.

Conclusions:

  • The thyroidal effects of environmental perchlorate exposure are still debated.
  • Further research is necessary to fully understand perchlorate's impact on human health.
  • Particular focus is needed on pregnant and lactating women and their infants.