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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body Temperature01:07

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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The Holocene temperature conundrum.

Zhengyu Liu1, Jiang Zhu2, Yair Rosenthal3

  • 1Nelson Center for Climatic Research and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706; Laboratory of Climate, Ocean, and Atmosphere Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; zliu3@wisc.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global temperature reconstructions show cooling, contradicting climate models. This study critically reexamines potential biases in proxy data seasonality and climate model sensitivity, offering new insights into paleoclimate trends.

Keywords:
Holocene temperatureglobal temperaturemodel-data inconsistency

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate Modeling

Background:

  • Recent global temperature reconstructions indicate a cooling trend from the Early to Late Holocene.
  • This observed cooling contrasts with expected warming from deglaciation and rising greenhouse gases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically reexamine the discrepancy between reconstructed Holocene cooling and simulated global warming.
  • To investigate potential biases in paleoclimate proxy seasonality and climate model sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing global annual temperature reconstructions.
  • Critical evaluation of climate model simulations and their sensitivity parameters.
  • Assessment of proxy data seasonality effects on temperature reconstructions.

Main Results:

  • Identified potential significant biases in the seasonality of paleoclimate proxy reconstructions.
  • Highlighted potential issues with the climate sensitivity of current climate models.
  • Revealed a contradiction between reconstructed Holocene cooling and simulated warming trends.

Conclusions:

  • The reconstructed Holocene cooling trend may be influenced by proxy seasonality biases.
  • Climate model sensitivity requires further investigation to reconcile with paleoclimate data.
  • Reconciliation of paleoclimate reconstructions and climate models is crucial for understanding past and future climate change.