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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in a thyroid pyramidal lobe.

Tae Kwun Ha1, Dong Wook Kim2, Ha Kyoung Park1

  • 1Departments of General Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.

Ultrasonography (Seoul, Korea)
|August 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This case report details an extremely rare papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) found in the thyroid pyramidal lobe (TPL). Enhanced ultrasonography of the TPL is crucial for detecting multifocal thyroid cancer.

Keywords:
Papillary thyroid microcarcinomaPyramidal lobeThyroid noduleUltrasonography

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is a small form of thyroid cancer.
  • The thyroid pyramidal lobe (TPL) is an anatomical variation, and its involvement in malignancy is rare.

Observation:

  • A 48-year-old woman presented with a suspicious nodule in the right thyroid lobe.
  • Preoperative ultrasonography revealed an additional suspicious nodule in the left TPL.
  • Histopathology confirmed PTMCs in the TPL and both thyroid lobes.

Findings:

  • This study documents an extremely rare instance of PTMC originating in the TPL.
  • Multifocal PTMC involving the TPL and both thyroid lobes was diagnosed.

Implications:

  • Standard preoperative ultrasonography protocols may need revision to include thorough evaluation of the TPL.
  • Early detection of multifocal thyroid cancer, including in rare locations like the TPL, is essential for effective treatment planning.