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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

A Technical Perspective in Modern Tree-ring Research - How to Overcome Dendroecological and Wood Anatomical Challenges
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A Technical Perspective in Modern Tree-ring Research - How to Overcome Dendroecological and Wood Anatomical Challenges

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A tree-ring perspective on the terrestrial carbon cycle.

Flurin Babst1, M Ross Alexander, Paul Szejner

  • 1Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA, babst@email.arizona.edu.

Oecologia
|August 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tree rings offer valuable insights into terrestrial carbon cycling, enhancing our understanding of forest productivity and responses to climate change. Integrating tree-ring data with other sources improves carbon budget assessments and model evaluations.

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Area of Science:

  • Dendrochronology and Terrestrial Ecosystem Science.

Background:

  • Tree rings provide crucial long-term data for understanding terrestrial carbon cycling, predating current monitoring systems.
  • Despite their value, fundamental questions remain about ecosystem-level representation and optimal data integration for tree-ring research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advances in tree-ring research for carbon cycle studies.
  • To highlight future research directions, including growth phenology, productivity trends, CO2 fertilization, water-use efficiency, and disturbances.
  • To explore the potential of tree rings for refining terrestrial carbon cycle assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing recent advances in tree-ring research applications.
  • Proposing integration strategies for tree-ring data with eddy-covariance, remote sensing, and forest inventory data.
  • Discussing the use of tree-ring data to evaluate and inform earth system models.

Main Results:

  • Tree rings can refine assessments of forest productivity, CO2 fertilization effects, and water-use efficiency.
  • Integration with other data streams can improve understanding of carbon allocation and growth phenology.
  • Tree-ring data can validate and enhance earth system models' simulation of forest carbon uptake.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating tree-ring data with complementary datasets offers significant potential for advancing carbon cycle science.
  • Tree rings are vital for long-term carbon budget analysis and evaluating climate change impacts on forests.
  • Further research integrating tree rings with observational and modeling approaches will improve predictions of forest ecosystem dynamics.