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Related Concept Videos

Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

1.9K
The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Transformation of Plane Stress01:18

Transformation of Plane Stress

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Studying stress transformation is essential in understanding how stress components within a material, like a cube under plane stress, change with rotation. This change is analyzed by considering a prismatic element within the cube. As the element rotates, the stress components acting on it—both normal and shearing stresses—change in magnitude and orientation. This change is quantified using trigonometric functions of the rotation angle, relating the forces acting on the rotated element's...
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Transformation of Plane Strain01:12

Transformation of Plane Strain

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When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
Under plane strain conditions, typical for members where one dimension significantly exceeds the others, deformations and resultant strains are...
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Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses01:20

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

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As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
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Shearing Stress01:18

Shearing Stress

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Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.
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Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

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Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
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Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography
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Surface shear-transformation zones in amorphous solids.

Penghui Cao1, Xi Lin1, Harold S Park1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|August 15, 2014
PubMed
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Surface shear transformation zones (STZs) in amorphous solids behave differently at lower strain rates. Thermally activated STZs show unique characteristics compared to strain-driven ones, especially near surfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Shear transformation zones (STZs) are fundamental to understanding amorphous solid plasticity.
  • Surface effects on STZs are crucial for material behavior but less understood than bulk STZs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the characteristics of surface STZs in 2D amorphous solids under tensile loading.
  • To compare atomistic simulation methods for capturing finite temperature and strain-rate effects on STZs.
  • To elucidate the transition in surface STZ behavior at experimentally relevant conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two atomistic simulation methods: athermal, quasistatic (AQ) and self-learning metabasin escape (SLME).
  • Simulated 2D amorphous solids under tensile loading.
  • Investigated STZs at free surfaces and in the bulk, varying temperature and strain rates.

Main Results:

  • Under strain-driven (AQ) conditions, surface STZs exhibit exponential nonaffine displacement decay, similar to bulk STZs but tilted.
  • At high strain rates (SLME), surface and bulk STZs show identical characteristics to AQ simulations.
  • At experimentally relevant strain rates (SLME), surface STZs lose tensile-compression symmetry, and thermally activated STZs decay slower than strain-driven ones.

Conclusions:

  • Surface STZ behavior transitions at lower strain rates, deviating from bulk and high-strain-rate predictions.
  • Finite temperature and strain rate significantly influence surface STZ characteristics.
  • Surface compliance facilitates thermally activated STZ nucleation, leading to distinct nonaffine displacement fields.