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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's...
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Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

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The neural regulation of blood pressure involves intricate interactions between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system, ensuring adequate perfusion of tissues. This regulation primarily occurs through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, involving both short-term and long-term mechanisms.
Baroreceptor Reflex
Baroreceptors, located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch, detect changes in blood pressure. When blood pressure rises, these stretch-sensitive receptors...
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells
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The immune system in hypertension.

David G Harrison1

  • 1Nashville, Tennessee.

Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
|August 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The immune system, particularly T cells, plays a crucial role in hypertension development. Modulating immune responses may offer new therapeutic strategies for managing high blood pressure.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Hypertension is traditionally linked to vascular, renal, and central nervous system factors.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the significant contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells to hypertension.
  • Immune cell infiltration in kidneys and vasculature is observed in hypertensive individuals and animal models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the immune system, specifically lymphocytes and cytokines, in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
  • To explore the interplay between the central nervous system, immune cells, and the development of hypertension.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which immune cells and their mediators contribute to hypertension and end-organ damage.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetically modified mice lacking lymphocytes (recombinase-activating gene-deficient [RAG-1(-/-)] mice) and severe combined immunodeficient mice.

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  • Administered angiotensin II, high salt, and norepinephrine to induce hypertension in experimental models.
  • Performed adoptive T cell transfer experiments and created lesions in the anteroventral third ventricle to assess immune cell activation and hypertension.
  • Investigated the impact of genetic manipulation of reactive oxygen species in the subfornical organ.

    • Main Results:

    • Mice lacking lymphocytes exhibited blunted hypertensive responses to angiotensin II, salt, and norepinephrine.
    • Adoptive transfer of T cells restored the blood pressure response in lymphocyte-deficient mice.
    • Lesions in the anteroventral third ventricle inhibited T cell activation in response to angiotensin II.
    • Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 17, and interleukin 6 were implicated in promoting vasoconstriction, reactive oxygen species production, and renal sodium reabsorption.

    Conclusions:

    • Immune cells, particularly T cells, are integral to the development of hypertension.
    • The central nervous system plays a role in orchestrating immune cell activation in hypertension.
    • Cytokine production by immune cells contributes to vascular and renal dysfunction, augmenting hypertension.