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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Jumping-catalyst dynamics in nanowire growth.

K W Schwarz1, J Tersoff1, S Kodambaka2

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Oscillatory phenomena are key to nanowire growth. New modes show catalyst droplets periodically jumping, enabling straight wire formation even with small catalysts, and offering insights into kinking.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Nanowire growth is typically viewed as a steady-state process.
  • However, oscillatory phenomena significantly influence nanowire formation and morphology.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for controlled synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize distinct nanowire growth modes, particularly those involving oscillatory behavior.
  • To investigate the role of catalyst droplet dynamics in nanowire growth.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind nanowire kinking.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing computer simulations of the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism.
  • Conducting in situ microscopy experiments to observe silicon (Si) nanowire growth.
  • Analyzing the interplay between catalyst droplet size and nanowire diameter.

Main Results:

  • A natural sequence of distinct nanowire growth modes was identified.
  • Two oscillatory growth modes were characterized, featuring periodic catalyst droplet jumping.
  • These modes facilitate the growth of straight, smooth-sided nanowires, even with undersized catalysts.
  • Simulations provided new insights into the origins of nanowire kinking.

Conclusions:

  • Oscillatory growth modes, driven by catalyst droplet dynamics, are fundamental to nanowire synthesis.
  • The identified jumping-catalyst modes offer a pathway for fabricating high-quality nanowires.
  • This research advances the understanding of VLS growth and nanowire defect formation.